Summary is not synthesis
The most common problem in literature reviews is a list of summaries: one paragraph per article. A strong review is organized by ideas, and each paragraph compares several sources.
Smith (2019) studied 200 nurses and found that burnout increased with shift length. Jones (2021) surveyed hospital staff and found similar results.
Studies consistently link longer shifts to burnout among nurses (Jones, 2021; Smith, 2019), although most rely on self-reported surveys from single hospitals, which limits how far the findings generalize.
Step by step
- Define the scope. Write the question your review answers and set limits (years, population, discipline).
- Search systematically. Use two or three databases and record your keywords so the search can be repeated.
- Read and take structured notes. For each source record the question, method, sample, findings, and limitations.
- Build a synthesis matrix. Put sources in rows and themes in columns to see patterns and disagreements.
- Choose an organization. Thematic (most common), methodological, or chronological.
- Write, then identify the gap. End by stating what the literature has not yet answered; this is what justifies your own study or argument.
Example synthesis matrix
| Source | Theme: shift length | Theme: support programs | Method / limits |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smith (2019) | Longer shifts → more burnout | Not studied | Survey, 1 hospital |
| Jones (2021) | Similar link | Peer support reduced burnout | Survey, 3 hospitals |
| Lee et al. (2023) | Link weaker with self-scheduling | Mixed results | Longitudinal, 2 years |
Reading down a column shows agreement or disagreement on a theme; reading across a row shows what each study contributes.
Structure of a literature review
- Introduction: the topic, why it matters, the scope of the review, and how it is organized.
- Body: thematic sections with headings, each synthesizing several sources.
- Conclusion: the main patterns, the limits of current research, and the gap your work addresses.
Most social science literature reviews use APA style; check your program's requirements.
Frequently asked questions
How long should a literature review be?
In a course paper it may be a few pages; in a thesis or dissertation it is usually a full chapter of 20 to 40 pages or more. Follow your assignment or program guidelines.
How many sources should a literature review include?
Enough to cover the main positions on your question. Undergraduate reviews may use 10 to 20 sources; dissertation reviews often cite 50 or more.
Should a literature review include my opinion?
It includes your evaluation of the research, such as the strengths, weaknesses, and gaps, rather than personal opinion about the topic.